Also known as: Megale Ekklesia (The Great Church) Also known as: The Church of Divine Wisdom Built: 537 Designed by: Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus Renovated: 1849 by Gaspare and Guiseppe Fossati Type: Museum Location: Ayasofya Meydanı, Istanbul, Turkey
B eing built in the turbulent crossroad that is Istanbul (then Constantinople), the Aya Sofya has seen good and bad times. As noted in the brief chronology above, there have been three basilicas built on this site, all bearing the Haghia Sophia name. Two were destroyed by fire. The one that stands now is thanks to Emperor Justin who ordered all of the provinces of his empire to send their best artisans and artifacts to Constantinople to build this great church. It is because of that call that the building contains artifacts from as far away as Greece and Egypt as integral parts of its design
Though it has been thus far safe from fire, the Haghia Sophia has been battered by earthquakes. The most serious damage happened just two weeks after it was dedicated. The eastern part of the great dome collapsed, and much of the rest of that side of the building was heavily damaged. By then, the principal architects had both died, so it was left to Isidorus the Younger, nephew of Isidorus of Miletus, to reconstruct what his uncle had built. Even though the building was extensively reinforced, some refused to enter after the quake, fearing for their lives. Others believed that since the entire church didn't collapse, it was proof that God was watching over them.
The Haghia Sophia served as a Greek Orthodox cathedral until 1204 when it became Roman Catholic under the Venetian empire. In 1261, it was once again returned to the control of the Greek Orthodox Church, but not for long. In 1453, when the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul, Sultan Mehmed II turned the basilica into a mosque, added minarets, and renamed it the Aya Sofya Cami'i.
Even though it wasn't one of their own creations, we can thank the Ottoman sultans for keeping the structure in good repair. It is said they considered it one of the most beautiful mosques in their empire, and felt it was a source of great pride. That's not to say that there weren't some modifications. Part of the conversion from Christianity to Islam involved plastering over or painting away many of the Byzantine Christian icons, symbols, and other decorations. These were rediscovered during a renovation in the 1840's. The architects restored the symbols to their original splendor, then covered them up for safe keeping. They were discovered once again in the 20th century, and in 1964 made their first public appearance in more than five centuries.
For almost five hundred years people worshiped under its domes, vaults, and arches. Then in 1932 it was closed and by 1934 had become a museum. Today visitors are most taken by its dome. At one-hundred feet across it is an incredible sight. But this spectacle is made even more grand by the presence of 40 huge windows around it. The effect isn't so much of a dome, but a cupola of incredible proportions. So incredible are the proportions of this church that it was the largest in the world for nearly one thousand years until Saint Peter's Basilica was built.
The building has the largest dome of the ancient world. It is 100 feet in diameter and 180 feet high.
More than four acres of gold leaf line the inside of the building.
The building's main chamber is 250 feet long and 230 feet wide.
The buttresses surrounding the building were added after the 537 earthquake.
The remains of the Theodosian Church are visible near the museum entrance. They were discovered by a German archeologist in 1935.
According to legend, Saint Gregory the Miracle Worker's powers to heal live on in one of the building's pillars. It had to be encased in brass to protect it from the faithful, who have made a hole in the metal and worn a hole into the stone.
360: Original building completed.
404: Destroyed by fire during riots.
415: Second building, known as the Theodosian Church, completed.
532: Destroyed during the Nika Revolt.
537: Third building erected. Also known as the Justinian Church.
